Biology Vocabulary #2 (II Bimester)

1. analogous structure:              Body parts that once differed in evolutionarily distant lineages but converged in structure and function as responses to similar environmental pressures.

2.asteroid:             Rocky, metallic body, a few to 1,000 kilometers across, hurtling through space.

3.comparative morphology:          Scientific study of comparable body parts of adults or embryonic stages of major lineages.

4.derived trait:      A novel feature that evolved but once and is shared only by the descendants of the ancestral species in which it evolved.

5.fossil:    Recognizable, physical evidence of an organism that lived in the distant past.

6.fossilization:      How fossils form. An organism or evidence of it gets buried in sediments or volcanic ash; water and dissolved inorganic compounds infiltrate it; then chemical changes and pressure from accumulating sediments above transform it to stony hardness.

7.geologic time scale:        Time scale for the Earth's history with major subdivisions corresponding to mass extinctions. Now radiometrically dated.

8.Gondwana:         Paleozoic supercontinent; with other land masses, it formed Pangea.

9.half-life:               The time it takes for half of a given quantity of any radioisotope to decay into a different, and less unstable, daughter isotope.

10.homologous structure:  Of separate lineages, comparable body parts that show underlying similarity even when they may differ in size, shape, or function; outcome of morphological divergence from a shared ancestor.

11.lineage: Line of descent.

12.morphological convergence:      Macroevolutionary pattern. In response to similar environmental pressures over time, evolutionarily distant lineages evolve in similar ways and end up being alike in appearance, functions, or both.

13.morphological divergence:          Macroevolutionary pattern; genetically diverging lineages undergo change from body form of a common ancestor.

14.Pangea:                Paleozoic supercontinent upon which the first terrestrial plants and animals evolved.

15.plate tectonics theory:  Theory that great slabs (plates) of the Earth's outer layer float on a hot, plastic mantle. All plates are slowly moving and have rafted continents to new positions over time.

16.stratification:      Stacked layers of sedimentary rock, built up by gradual deposition of volcanic ash, silt, and other materials over time.

17.theory of uniformity:     Early theory that the earth's surface changes in gradual, uniformly repetitive ways (major floods, earthquakes, and other infrequent catastrophes also occur every year and were not considered unusual). Has since been replaced by plate tectonics theory.

18.adaptive radiation:          Macroevolutionary pattern; burst of genetic divergences from a lineage that gives rise to many species, each using a novel resource or a new (or newly vacated) habitat.

19.adaptive zone:  Minimum amount of energy required to get a specific reaction going, with or without the help of an enzyme. Reactions differ in the amount required.

Vocabulary #1 (II Bimester)

allele	One of two or more molecular forms of a gene that arise by mutation and code for different versions of the same trait.
allele frequency	For a given gene locus, the relative abundances of each kind of allele among all the individuals of a population.
antibiotic	Metabolic product of soil microbes that kills bacterial competitors for nutrients.
balanced polymorphism	Form of selection in which two or more alleles for a trait are being maintained in a population over time.
biogeography	Scientific study of the world distribution of species.
bottleneck	Severe reduction in the size of a population, brought about by intense selection pressure or a natural calamity.
catastrophism	Idea that abrupt changes in the geologic or fossil record were divinely invoked.
comparative morphology	Scientific study of comparable body parts of adults or embryonic stages of major lineages.
directional selection	Mode of natural selection by which allele frequencies underlying a range of phenotypic variation shift in a consistent direction, in response to directional change or to new conditions in the environment.
disruptive selection	Mode of natural selection by which the different forms of a trait at both ends of the range of variation are favored and intermediate forms are selected against.
evolution	Genetic change in a line of descent. Outcome of microevolutionary events: gene mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.
fitness	Increase in adaptation to environment, as brought about by genetic change.
fixation	Loss of all but one kind of allele at a gene locus for all individuals in a population.
fossil	Recognizable, physical evidence of an organism that lived in the distant past.
founder effect	A form of bottlenecking. By chance alone, a few individuals that establish a new population have allele frequencies that differ from those of the original population.
gene flow	Microevolutionary process; alleles enter and leave a population as an outcome of immigration and emigration, respectively.
gene pool	All genotypes in a population.
genetic drift	Change in allele frequencies over the generations due to chance alone. Its effect is most pronounced in very small populations.
genetic equilibrium	In theory, a state in which a population is not evolving. Compare Hardy-Weinberg rule.
Hardy-Weinberg rule	Allele frequencies stay the same over the generations when there is no mutation, the population is infinitely large and isolated from other populations of the species, mating is random, and all individuals are reproducing equally and randomly.
inbreeding	Nonrandom mating among close relatives that share many identical alleles.
lethal mutation	Mutation with drastic effects on phenotype; usually causes death.
microevolution	Of a population, any change in allele frequencies resulting from mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection, or some combination of these.
mutation rate	Of a gene locus, the probability that a spontaneous mutation will occur during or between DNA replication cycles.
natural selection	Microevolutionary process; the outcome of differences in survival and reproduction among individuals that differ in details of heritable traits.
neutral mutation	A mutation with little or no effect on phenotype, so natural selection can't change its frequency in a population.
polymorphism	The persistence of two or more qualitatively different forms of a trait (morphs) in a population.
population	All individuals of the same species that are occupying a specified area.
sampling error	Use of a sample or subset of a population, an event, or some other aspect of nature for an experimental group that is not large enough to be representative of the whole.
sexual selection	A microevolutionary process; a type of selection that favors a trait giving an individual a competitive edge in attracting or keeping a mate (favors reproductive success).
stabilizing selection	Mode of natural selection by which intermediate phenotypes in the range of variation are favored and extremes at both ends are eliminated.
theory of uniformity	Early theory that the earth's surface changes in gradual, uniformly repetitive ways (major floods, earthquakes, and other infrequent catastrophes also occur every year and were not considered unusual). Has since been replaced by plate tectonics theory.