Biology #4 (II Bimester)

1.   adhering junction  Junction where a mass of anchored proteins help adjoining cells adhere.

2.   adipose tissue       A connective tissue having an abundance of fat-storing cells.

3.   blood    Fluid connective tissue of water, solutes, and formed elements (blood cells, platelets). Transports substances to and from cells, helps maintain internal environment.

4.   bone tissue   Of vertebrate skeleton, a tissue of osteoblast secretions hardened with minerals.

5.   cardiac muscle tissue    A contractile tissue that is present only in the heart wall.

6.   cartilage       Connective tissue with solid, pliable intercellular material that resists compression.

7.   dense, irregular connective tissue  Animal tissue with fibroblasts, many asymmetrically positioned fibers in ground substance. In skin and some capsules around organs.

8.   dense, regular connective tissue    Animal tissue with rows of fibroblasts between parallel bundles of fibers. In tendons, elastic ligaments.

9.   ectoderm      The first-formed, outermost primary tissue layer of animal embryos; gives rise to nervous system tissues and integument's outer layer.

10.       endocrine gland     Ductless gland that secretes hormones, which the bloodstream distributes.

11.       endoderm Inner primary tissue layer of animal embryos; source of inner gut lining and derived organs.

12.       epithelium Animal tissue that covers external surfaces and lines internal cavities and tubes. One surface is free and the other rests on a basement membrane.

13.       exocrine gland   Glandular structure that secretes products, usually through ducts or tubes, to a free epithelial surface.

14.       gap junction      Cylindrical arrays of proteins in the plasma membrane that pair up as open channels for signals between adjoining cells.

15.       gland cell  A cell that secretes products unrelated to their own metabolism for use elsewhere.

16.       homeostasis      State in which physical and chemical aspects of internal environment (blood, interstitial fluid) are being maintained within ranges suitable for cell activities.

17.       internal environment Blood + interstitial fluid.

18.       loose connective tissue      Animal tissue with fibers, fibroblasts loosely arrayed in semifluid ground substance.

19.       mesoderm  Primary tissue layer of all large, complex animals; gives rise to many internal organs and part of the integument.

20.       nervous tissue   Connective tissue composed of neurons and often neuroglia.

21.       neuroglia  Collectively, cells that structurally and metabolically support neurons. They make up about half the volume of nervous tissue in vertebrates.

22.       neuron      Type of nerve cell; basic communication unit in most nervous systems.

23.       organ        Body structure with definite form and function that consists of more than one tissue.

24.       organ system    Organs interacting chemically, physically, or both in a common task.

25.       skeletal muscle tissue        Striated contractile tissue that is the functional partner of bone.

26.       smooth muscle tissue        Nonstriated contractile tissue found in soft internal organs.

27.       tight junction    Cell junction where strands of fibrous proteins oriented in parallel with a tissue's free surface collectively block leaks between the adjoining cells.

28.       tissue       Of multicelled organisms, a group of cells and intercellular substances that function together in one or more specialized tasks.

Biology Vocabulary #3 (II Bimester)

1.   angiosperm       Flowering plant.

2.   archaebacterium       Member of the prokaryotic domain Archaebacteria

3.   Archean eon      Eon in which life arose (3.8-2.5 bya).

4.   big bang   Model for origin of universe.

5.   Cenozoic era     The present era (65 mya to present).

6.   crust of Earth    Outer zone of low-density rocks resting on the  Earth's mantle.

7.   dinosaur   One of a fabulous group of reptiles that originated in the Triassic and became the dominant land vertebrates for 125 million years.

8.   Ediacaran  One of the species with a highly flattened body that arose in the precambrian.

9.   endosymbiosis theory        Continuing physical contact between two species, one of which lives and reproduces inside the other's body.

10.              eubacterium      Prokaryotic cell; has a nucleoid, but no nucleus, cytoplasm, or cell membrane; most have a cell wall, some encapsulated.

11.              eukaryotic cell   Cell having a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

12.              global broiling hypothesis  Theory that an asteroid impact caused the K-T mass extinction by creating a colossal fireball, the debris from which raised global air temperature by thousands of degrees.

13.              gymnosperm     Type of vascular plant in which seeds form on exposed surfaces of reproductive structures (e.g., on cone scales).

14.              K-T asteroid impact theory   A huge asteroid hit Earth at the K-T boundary; last dinosaurs perished during the mass extinction.

15.              mantle of mollusks  a tissue draped over the visceral mass. Of Earth, a zone of intermediatedensity rocks beneath the crust.

16.              Mesozoic era     An era (240-65 mya) of spectacular expansion in the range of global diversity.

17.              Paleozoic era     Era from Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, through the Permian (544 to 248 mya).

18.              prokaryotic cell  Archaebacterium or eubacterium; single-celled organism, most often walled; lacks the profusion of membranebound organelles observed in eukaryotic cells.

19.              Proterozoic eon  Period from 2.5 billion to 570 million years ago; period during which eukaryotic cells arose.

20.              protistan   Photoautotroph or heterotroph (or both) unlike bacteria; some like earliest eukaryotic cells. Has a nucleus, larger ribosomes, mitochondria, ER, Golgi bodies, chromosomes with numerous proteins, and cytoskeletal microtubules. Range in size from microscopic algae to giant kelps.

21.              proto-cell  Hypothetic cell-like stage between chemical evolution and the first living cell.

22.              RNA world  One model for prebiotic evolution in which RNA was the template for protein synthesis before the evolution of DNA.

23.              stromatolite      Fossilized mats of shallow-water microbial communities, mainly cyanobacteria, from Archean to precambrian. Cell secretions blocked UV radiation but trapped sediments, and new mats grew on old ones; some are half a mile thick and hundreds of miles across.